Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Black

Mikołaj was able to gain much political influence thanks to the romance and then the marriage between his cousin Barbara Radziwiłł and the King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund II Augustus.^[4] This made him one of the most powerful royal advisers. Mikołaj became Marshal of Lithuania, Grand Chancellor of Lithuania, as well as Palatine of Vilnius, gained immense wealth and became the most powerful magnate in the Commonwealth of that time. The growing influence of the Radziwiłł family was further bolstered when, during a diplomatic mission to Charles V and Ferdinand I, he and his cousin Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Red received a hereditary title of Prince (Reichsfürst (SRI)).^[4]

He formed an alliance with his cousin Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Red against other notable Lithuanian families in the rivalry for the dominant status in the Great Duchy of Lithuania. This alliance marked the formation of a dynastic-like cooperation between Radziwiłłs and showed how family interests could affect magnates' relations with the state.^[4] Both Radziwiłłs backed the cause of Lithuania's sovereignty and opposed the growing Polish-Lithuanian union.^[4]

Despite opposing close ties with Poland, he was the chief negotiator in the successful negotiation between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the state controlled by the Livonian Order, which led to the secularisation of Livonia and its union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1562.^[4]

Mikołaj contributed to the ongoing Polonisation of the Grand Duchy, influencing other Lithuanian nobles to follow him in adopting Polish culture – its fashion, customs and language.^[4] Despite being a fervent opponent of the closer union with Poland, he was an active supporter of Polish culture in Lithuania. He himself did not speak Lithuanian; his knowledge of Ruthenian was limited. Polish was his native language and the only one he was able to use fluently.^[5][6]

He was known for his religious beliefs, as he was one of the most prominent converts and advocates of the Reformed churches faith in Grand Duchy of Lithuania.^[4] He provided financial support for the printing of the first complete Polish translation of the Bible in 1563 in Brest-Litovsk, distributed works written in defense of the Reformed faith, financed a church and college in Vilnius, supported educated Protestants, and in various other ways fostered the Calvinist faith.^[4] He is known to have exchanged letters with John Calvin and protected religious exiles from Italy. Because Protestants supported the usage of local languages, he is also believed to have funded Lithuanian churches and schools.^{[citation needed]}

With the exception of his daughter Anna, all his children converted to Roman Catholicism and became ardent supporters of the Counter Reformation.^{[citation needed]} He is remembered by a statue in the Brest Millennium Monument.

In the early 21st century Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Black's remains and his cousin Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Red's remains were discovered in the cellar of a demolished Evangelical Reformed Church of the Dubingiai Castle and in 2009 they were reburied during a formal ceremony in the Radziwiłł Pantheon of the Dubingiai Castle.^[7][8]

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  Tapestry which depicts Emperor Charles V granting the title of prince to Mikołaj Radziwiłł the Black in 1547
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  Armor which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
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  Tournament helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
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  German-made Oriental-styled helmet which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
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  Chanfron which belonged to Mikołaj the Black
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  The Radziwiłł Bible (1563), printed in his printing house in Lithuanian Brest